Requesting Levy Money and Tents for Two Highland Battalions
His Majesty having been pleased to order two Highland Battalions of Foot to be forthwith raised & sent to North America each Battalion to consist of 40 Serjeants 40 Corporals 20 Drummers and 1000 Private Men besides Commission Officers (their Establishment to commence from the 23 Decr. Last incl and to allow three pounds per Man Levy Money I have the Honour to acquaint you therewith, that you may be pleased to lay a Memorial before the Rt. Honble the Lords Commissioners of his Maty’s Treasury for the Money wanting for this Service.
I am
My Lord & Sir
Barrington
Lord Visct. Dupplin
& Thos. Potter Esqr. Paymaster Genl.
Copy
Colonel Simon Fraser's Recruits
Dn: 1st
Dn: 3d
Dn: 3d
Dn: 3d
Dn: 3d
Dn: 1st
Dn: 1st
Dn: 3d
Dn: 3d
Dn: 2d
Dn: 3d
Dn: 3d
Dn: 3d
Dn: 2d
Dn: 3d
Dn: 3d
Dn: 3d
Dn: 3d
Dn: 1st
Dn: 2d
Dn: 1st
Dn: 3d
Dn: 3d
Dn: 3d
Dn: 1st
Dn: 1st
Dn: 1st
Dn: 1st
Dn: 3d
Dn: 3d
Dn: 3d
Size: 5: 5-1/4
Age: 31
Dn: 4d
Dun McKenzie, Petty
Size: 5: 3-1/4
Age: 18
Jno Fraser, Dunain
Size: 5: 3
Age: 18
Dun Munro, Culkaiback
Size: 5: 5
Age: 18
Feb 9:
Willm Fraser, Cantra
Size: 5: 5-3/4
Age: 20
Dn: 1st
Feb 10:
Andw Mack Lean, Davochgarnoch
Size: 5: 4-1/2
Age: 19
Feb 11:
Alexr Grigor, Croy
Size: 5: 3
Age: 17
Neil Mackleod, Invs
Size: 5: 4
Age: 34
Feb 12:
Jno McDonald senr, Weaver, Invs
Size: 5: 3-1/2
Age: 29
Dn: 3d
Feb 14:
Alex Mackenzie, Weaver, Invs
Size: 5: 3
Age: 34
Feb 15:
Alex Munro, Weaver, Invs
Size: 5: 9
Age: 22
Dn: 2d
Feb 18:
Murdoch Mackenzie, Do
Size: 5: 6-1/2
Age: 39
Dn: 4d
Feb 3:
James Mackdonald, Do
Size: 5: 1-1/2
Age:
Alex Fraser, Joyner
Size: 5: 1-1/2
Age:
Dn: 2d
Feb 15:
Jno Mack, Crae
Size: 5: 2
Age: 18
Feb 16:
Donald Munro
Size: 5: 2-1/2
Age: 20
Mar 1:
Alexr Fraser, serjeant
Size: 5: 6
Age: 23
Mar 3:
Donald McPherson,
Size: 5: 5
Age: 38
James Glass
Size: 5: 2
Age: 18
Donald McIntosh
Size: 5: 2
Age 17
Mar 9:
Donald Cameron, K's, Milne
Size: 5: 3
Age: 19
Dn: 4th
Feb 24:
Farquhar McGilvray, Moy
Size: 5: 4
Age: 28
Mar 2:
James Gregory
Size: 5: 9
Age: 40
Dn: 3d
Mar 11:
John Fraser, Wright, Culloden
Size: 5: 7-1/2
Age: 40
Dn: 2d
James Forsyth, Croy
Size: 5: 4
Age: 29
Mar 14:
John McDonald, Tobacconist
Size: 5: 6-1/2
Age: 19
Dn: 2d
Kenneth Mackenzie, Petty
Size: 5: 5
Age: 19
Dn: 2d
John Fraser, Culloden, 17 years old
Size: 5: 4-3/4
Age: 37
Mar 19:
Jno Shaw, Edenkilie
Size: 5: 8-3/4
Age: 25
Dn: 3d
Angus McDonell, serj, 26 Janry
Size: 5: 9-1/2
Age: 24
Dn: 4th
No. 70
Mar 29:
Neil Mack Lean, Troternish, Culloden
Size: 5: 4-1/2
Age: 19
Thomas Fraser, Kinmylies
Size: 5: 6-1/4
Age: 27
Abbreviations:
Dn: Division
Do: Ditto
Some historians have asserted these 71 recruits never made it to North America with the main body of Fraser's men and were sent to fight with Belladrum in Germany in 1759. Those claims, however, cannot be substantiated. Serjeants Alexander Fraser [March 1] and Angus McDonell [March 19] both appear with the 78th Regiment on the list of 170 Soldiers Discharged in North America; the former in Colonel Fraser's Company, the latter in Captain Alexander McLeod's Company. Additional sources also describe the original recruits of the 87th Foot as a nucleus of drafts from Lord Murray's supernumeraries of the 42nd Foot, the Black Watch.
Because such a limited amount of paperwork relating to the original recruitment of soldiers for Fraser's 78th Highlanders has survived, this document could prove quite valuable in identifying men from the regiment thought to have ancestral roots in northern Scotland.
A check of the records of the Fraser of Belladrum papers at the National Library of Scotland indicates the absence of this original muster roll from the collection; nor can it be confirmed as being held in private hands.
Marie Fraser, "The Old 78th Regiment of Foot." Clan Fraser Society of Canada, 2001.
MacDonald, Archibald, Reverend. The Old Lords of Lovat and Beaufort [Northern Counties Newspaper and Publishing, 1934].
War Office Records. List of General and Field Officers as they Rank in the Army, 1757-1761 [National Archives, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, U.K.]
"Inventory of Family papers of Fraser of Belladrum." NAS, GB233/Acc.11244.
© Jeffrey Campbell, Fraser's 78th Regiment of Foot, 2018.
Recruitment
Introduction
Recruiting the Second Highland Battalion: Origins of the 78th Fraser Highlanders
In the spring of 1757, the Scottish Highlands became a competitive recruiting ground for British military authorities. The effort to raise multiple Highland regiments—including the soon-to-be 78th Fraser’s Highlanders—made recruiting a high-stakes endeavor across the region. With war spreading across Europe and North America, the British Army looked to the Highlands for seasoned fighters, but the land had already been stripped of able-bodied men. What remained was a landscape of hardship, with families strained by rent hikes, failed harvests, and the lingering effects of the 1745 Jacobite rising.
The sum itself—three pounds sterling per man—was not insignificant. For many Highlanders, especially those living in the economically fragile aftermath of the Jacobite rising, such an offer could represent several months’ worth of livelihood. Levy money functioned both as a personal incentive and a broader tool of statecraft: a means of recruiting Highland men into imperial service while soothing the wounds of rebellion with coin rather than punishment.
In the case of Fraser’s Regiment, recruiting efforts benefited from clan networks already familiar with Simon Fraser of Lovat’s leadership. The process helped the British Army frame Highland enlistment as voluntary, even aspirational. While some recruits may have been drawn by loyalty, patriotism, or the promise of adventure, many others responded to the more tangible appeal of hard currency paid upfront. For the Crown, the expense was justified. The Highland battalions brought not only combat prowess but also a symbolic unity between former rebels and their former enemies. In effect, recruiting transformed political risk into military utility—one soldier at a time.
Recruiting
One of the most common questions we receive from genealogists is this: Where can I find a roster of soldiers recruited in Scotland who served with Fraser’s Highlanders (originally known as the 2nd Highland Battalion) during the Seven Years’ War, 1757–1763?
To be upfront, identifying your ancestor as a soldier in the regiment is challenging—but not impossible. Officer biographies are more commonly preserved and often contain genealogical details we can connect with. In contrast, records for non-commissioned officers and enlisted men—serjeants, corporals, and privates—are much scarcer. As a result, we often need to dig deeper and consult a wider range of documents to uncover meaningful clues.
In our own family’s case, the breakthrough came with Alexander William Campbell (spouse of Marie Josephte Chartier). The key piece of evidence was a notarized bill of sale filed by William in Saint Vallier, Quebec, in 1793—more than 30 years after the war had ended. Tucked inside this 1761 document was an official endorsement from Major Jacques [James] Abercrombie of the 78th Regiment. For more than a century, researchers had speculated that Campbell had served as a private in the regiment, based solely on oral family history. It wasn’t until early 2017 that we finally uncovered definitive proof—buried in old notarial records now held at Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.
This example highlights why it’s so important to look beyond standard military or regimental archives when searching for ancestral connections. It also emphasizes the value of patient, thorough research—especially when tracing ancestors who may have been recruited in Scotland and later settled in Canada following the disbandment of the 78th Regiment in 1763.
A Word of Caution
There is some evidence suggesting that a very small number of North American recruits may have been added to the regiment as losses mounted during the war. However, these instances were likely minimal. That’s why careful research and due diligence are essential—especially when determining whether your ancestor was of Scottish or American origin.
Finally, it’s worth noting that we’ve compiled a list of approximately 370 original soldiers from Colonel Fraser’s Second Highland Battalion, including several civilian recruiters. Where possible, we’ve documented their birthplaces and likely recruiting locations based on surviving records. If you have questions or are researching a possible connection, we’re always happy to help—please feel free to reach out.
Enlistment Requirements
Specific requirements for enlistment were laid out by the British Government in the official Recruiting Act, 1756-57 as follows:
Provided always, that no person shall be inlisted by the said Commissioners by virtue of the Act, who is not such Able-bodied Man as is fit to serve his Majesty, and is free from Ruptures and every other Distemper, or bodily Weakness or Infirmity, which may render him unfit to perform the Duty of a Soldier;
and that no Man be inlisted for his Majesty’s Service by virtue of this Act, who shall appear in the Opinion of the Commissioners, or Officer or Officers appointed to receive the impressed Men, to be under the Age of Seventeen years, or above the Age of forty five years, or a known Papist, or who shall be under the Size of five feet four inches without Shoes.
While no evidence has been found suggesting that Scottish Highlanders were required to declare their religious affiliation upon enlistment, there is documentation supporting the use of religious certificates among some British and Irish troops during the same period.
Colonel Fraser’s Regiment operated under a “raise for rank” system—meaning that officers could only secure their commissions by successfully recruiting a set number of men. As a result, each officer was expected to contribute to the regimental goal of raising 100 able-bodied men per company, using whatever legal and practical means were available to them.
Colonel Fraser's Instructions to Major Clephane
Recruiting instructions provided to Major James Clephane, the colonel's second-in-command, read as follows:
COLONEL SIMON FRASER TO MAJOR JAMES CLEPHANE
You are hearby directed by virtue of a Beating Order herewith transmitted to you, to raise One Hundred able bodied Men, with the Assistance of the three Officers appointed to your Company. You are to take Men of any Size who are fit for Service and of any Age from Eighteen to Forty.
When you have Twenty Men or upwards raised for your Company you are directed to send them to either Inverness, Maryburgh, Dunkeld, or other hidden Lores or Distempers; You are to report once a Week to Colonel Fraser or the Commanding Officer of Inverness what success you and your Officers have in the recruiting Service.
You are to give the Subaltern Officers appointed to your Company what money you think proper to carry on the Service; and you are to be accountable to the Regiment for the different sums which will be drawn for upon account of your Company when it is completed for each man sent and approved of at head Quarters. You shall receive three pounds sterling with parss from the date of his attestation."
Given At London the 13th of January 1757
[signed] Simon Fraser
This letter reflects the practical demands placed on officers under the "raise for rank" system, where commissions were tied directly to recruiting performance. While Major Clephane received these instructions in his role as second-in-command, it is almost certain that each of the ten company commanders received similar—if not identical—orders. Every officer in the regiment was expected to raise approximately 100 able-bodied men, often relying on subaltern officers, personal networks, and hired recruiters to meet their quotas. In this context, recruiting was not just a logistical duty but a direct path to career advancement, and it placed immense pressure on officers to deliver results in a highly competitive environment.
Enlistment Contracts
Among the papers of Major James Clephane, housed at the National Records of Scotland in Edinburgh, are two original enlistment contracts. While the handwriting differs between the documents, the text itself remains consistent. Each form includes four blank fields used to record the recruit’s name, parish and county of birth, and age.
These do certify that [ ] Born in the Parish of [ ] County of [ ] Aged [ ] Years came before me and declar'd that he had Voluntarly and of his own free will enlisted himself to serve his Majesty King George as a Soldier in Major James Clephane's Company of Lieut Colonel Fraser's Second Battalion of Highlanders: that he had received the enlisting Money agreed on, and had no impediment to Render him unfit for the Service. Accordingly, he had the Articles of War Read to him, and took the Oath to Majesty as by Law directed.
Interestingly Betty Clephane, the major's sister and wife of the chief of clan Rose, who was instrumental in the recruiting process, explained in a letter written to her other sibling Doctor John Clephane the filling out of attestation papers for the new recruits. Speaking about her husband she wrote:
"...I see Mr. Rose writes you that he has left me his peaper [sic, paper] to fill, but least I shoud [sic] have subject for more than he gives..." And in a separate letter, she mentions her daughter Betty, who is also contributing to the cause. "...For I declare we work wonders Mr. Roses Brother Lewis is our first clerk: and my babes is not idle [...] brings in Recruits and Betty is a writer of atestations [sic]." [NRS, GD125/22/2/00063-66 & GD125/22/2/00054-57].
Clearly, this was an 'all hands on deck' approach by the major, with the assistance of his family and friends throughout the recruiting process, as the regiment was on a stringent timeline to set sail for North America.
Recruits at Dundee in Major Clephane's Company
If your ancestor was recruited to the company commanded by Major Clephane, who hired a crimp (professional recruiter) named John Strachan to recruit near Dundee, Scotland, some of these papers have been preserved and show the names of recruits, age, birthplace, occupation.
1. Alexander Bell, 19 years, 5'3" enlisted in Dundee 18 February 1757, born in Kirriemuir, Angus, a laborer, fresh complexion, brown hair, hazel eyes, round visage.
2. Alexander Findlay, 17 years, 5'3" enlisted in Dundee 19 February 1757, born in Monifieth, Angus, a laborer, swarthy complexion, black eyes, black hair, round visage.
3. Peter Moody, 17 years, 5'1" enlisted in Dundee 20 February 1757, born in Glamis, Angus, a laborer, fresh complexion, black hair, hazel eyes, long visage.
4. William McKenzie, 17 years, 5'2", enlisted in Dundee 20 February 1757, born in Kingoldrum, Angus, a weaver, fresh complexion, brown hair, grey eyes, long visage.
5. William Fife, 18 years, 5'2" enlisted in Dundee 21 February 1757, born in Kirriemuir, Angus, a weaver, fresh complexion, brown hair, hazel eyes, long visage.
6. George Wright, 21 years, 5'5" enlisted in Forfar 24 February 1757, born in Ruthven, Angus, a laborer, florid complexion, brown hair, hazel eyes, round visage.
7. David Morris, 24 years, 5'3" enlisted in Perth 4 March 1757, born in Drone, Perth, a laborer, fresh complexion, brown hair, grey eyes, long visage.
8. Peter Robb, 17 years, 5'3", enlisted in Careston 8 March 1757, born in Glamis, Angus, a laborer, fresh complexion, black hair, hazel eyes, long visage.
9. Angus Laird, 17 years, 5'3", enlisted in Dundee 10 March 1757, born in Clunie, Perth, a laborer, fresh complexion, brown hair, grey eyes, long visage.
10. John Molyson, 18 years, 5'4", enlisted in Dundee 15 March 1757, born in Fethers, Mearns, a laborer, pale complexion, brown hair, grey eyes, long visage.
11. George Gordon, ........, 5'2", enlisted in Dundee 17 March 1757, born in Kintore, Aberdeen, a laborer, pale complexion, flaxen hair, .........
Note: A recruit named David Ross (not listed) was discharged at Dundee on 1 March 1757 for "having fitts." Unfortunately, there are no further details available for this soldier.
Final Thoughts on Recruiting the 78th Fraser’s Highlanders
The recruiting of the 78th Fraser’s Highlanders in 1757 was far more than a matter of filling military ranks—it was a complex, deeply human process shaped by urgency, economic hardship, family networks, and the ambitions of officers striving to earn their commissions. From official enlistment orders and handwritten attestation papers to civilian involvement and localized efforts across the Highlands, each layer of the recruiting campaign tells a story that blends personal sacrifice with imperial purpose.
For genealogists and historians alike, tracing a connection to the 78th Regiment requires patience, creativity, and an understanding that traditional military records may only tell part of the story. The scattered but surviving documentation—like Major Clephane’s enlistment papers or later-discovered financial accounts from Captain John Campbell—offer rare glimpses into how this regiment came into being.
Whether your ancestor joined through a beating order, was recruited by a hired crimp in Dundee, or left behind a notarial trace in Canada decades later, the recruiting story of the 78th Fraser’s Highlanders recruiting effort remains a remarkable chapter in Highland military history—and one worth revisiting with care.
The United Kingdom war documents are primarily kept at the National Archives in London; however, very few original recruiting records for Colonel Fraser's Regiment are in existence. The National Archives has acquired transcript extract of warrants relating to the formation of the 2nd Highland Battalion in 1757, and this material is available on microfilm reel C-10866.
Additionally, the National Army Museum may be able to provide information about obtaining records, if available.
Works Consulted
- Clephane, James. Size Roll of Clephane’s Recruits. 1757. Elizabeth Rose Family Papers, GD125/22/16(15), National Records of Scotland, Edinburgh.
- Clephane, James. Second Highland Battalion Enlistment Contract, 1757. GD125/22/16/14/1, National Records of Scotland, Edinburgh.
- Fraser, Simon. Letter to Major James Clephane, 13 Jan. 1757. Papers of the Rose Family of Kilravock, GD125/22/16/6, National Records of Scotland, Edinburgh.
- Fraser, Marie. Fraser’s Highlanders (the 78th), 1763. Clan Fraser Society, 2001, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Library and Archives Canada. Quebec Notarial Records: William Campbell’s Bill of Sale. Fonds Cour Supérieure, District judiciaire de Montmagny, Cote CN302, Greffes de notaires, 1709–1953, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, Montréal.
- National Archives (UK). War Office Records and Recruiting Warrants, 1757. Microfilm reel C-10866, The National Archives, Kew, Richmond, Surrey.
- National Army Museum (UK). British Army Recruitment and Enlistment Practices.
- Strachan, John. Descriptive Roll of Men Raised for Clephane at Dundee. 1757. GD125/22/16/18, National Records of Scotland, Edinburgh.
- United Kingdom. Recruiting Act, 1756–57. 30 Geo. 2, cap. 8, 1757.
- Wilmot, John Eardley. Letter from William Congreve to Wilmot. 10 Mar. 1757. PRO Ireland, T3019/3122.
Levy Money for the 2nd Highland Battalion, or Fraser's 78th Regiment of Foot, 1757
The process of raising Highland battalions during the mid-18th century was both politically sensitive and logistically complex. At a time when Britain’s military commitments stretched across continents, the recruitment of dependable, disciplined forces became a matter of urgent imperial priority. In this context, levy money—a cash payment offered to new recruits—played a pivotal role.
The sum itself—three pounds sterling per man—was not insignificant. For many Highlanders, especially those living in the economically fragile aftermath of the Jacobite rising, such an offer could represent several months’ worth of livelihood. Levy money functioned both as a personal incentive and a broader tool of statecraft: a way to channel martial tradition into imperial service while soothing the wounds of rebellion with coin rather than punishment.
In the case of Fraser’s Regiment, levy money served a dual function. It helped recruit men from clan networks already familiar with Simon Fraser of Lovat’s leadership, but it also allowed the British Army to frame Highland enlistment as voluntary, even aspirational. While some recruits may have been drawn by loyalty, patriotism, or even the promise of adventure, many others responded to the more tangible appeal of hard currency paid upfront.
For the Crown, the expense was justified. The Highland battalions brought not only combat prowess but also a symbolic unity between former rebels and their former enemies. In effect, levy money transformed political risk into military utility—one recruit at a time.
In 1757, the British War Office authorized the formation of two Highland battalions, one of which would become known as Fraser’s 78th Regiment of Foot. Raised in Scotland, this battalion was unique among British levies. Unlike many military units recruited for domestic defense, the 2nd Highland Battalion was intended from the outset for transatlantic service in North America during the Seven Years’ War. The promise of three pounds sterling in levy money per man—a considerable sum for rural Highlanders—served as a critical incentive for enlistment. For many recruits, especially those emerging from generations of hardship, military service offered a rare opportunity for financial security, social mobility, and adventure.
The recruitment effort targeted both seasoned veterans and first-time enlistees. Some had served in earlier wars, including the War of the Austrian Succession, while others were young men eager for purpose or stability. While material reward was a factor, enlistment also reflected the evolving relationship between the Highlands and the Crown. In the wake of the Jacobite Rising of 1745, many Highland communities—once defined by resistance to British authority—had become integrated into imperial military structures. In raising the 78th Regiment, the Crown was not just enlisting soldiers; it was enlisting loyalty.
Traditions and Tactics of Fraser’s Highlanders
Unlike regular British line regiments, Highland battalions like Fraser’s maintained distinctive cultural traditions and adopted flexible battlefield tactics. They were outfitted in traditional garb—including kilts, bonnets, and belted plaids—and often deployed in flexible skirmishing formations. These tactical differences made them well-suited to the rugged terrain of North America, where formal European battle lines often gave way to ambush, forest warfare, and siege. Over time, Highland regiments gained a reputation for courage, reliability, and efficiency—attributes that helped reshape perceptions of Highlanders within the British military hierarchy.
The use of levy money wasn’t just a recruiting tool; it was a measure of how urgently the Crown sought to mobilize effective fighting forces. As the Seven Years’ War intensified, Britain expanded its global footprint, requiring regiments capable of enduring harsh conditions far from home. Scotland—and particularly the Highlands—became a favored recruiting ground, supplying disciplined soldiers steeped in martial tradition. This transformation, from perceived rebels to empire-builders, is one of the lesser-told narratives of 18th-century British military history.
Correspondence
The letter below, dated 13 January 1757, was issued by Lord Barrington, then Secretary at War, and addressed to Lord Viscount Duplin, Paymaster General. It formally authorizes the release of levy money to raise two Highland battalions, including what would become Fraser’s 78th Regiment. Behind its restrained official tone lies the administrative machinery that enabled Britain to extend its military reach into North America—by offering three pounds a man.
Barrington held office during a pivotal phase of the Seven Years’ War, where wartime bureaucracy had to move swiftly to match Britain’s global ambitions. This correspondence with Duplin reveals how military recruitment was initiated and financed from within Whitehall. As Secretary at War, Barrington managed not just personnel and payments, but the logistical framework of the British Army—making letters like this invaluable records of 18th-century military governance.
LORD BARRINGTON TO LORD VISCOUNT DUPLIN
War Office, 13 January 1757
My Lord & Sir. His Majesty Having been pleased to order two Highland Battalions of Foot to be forthwith raised and sent to North America each Battalion to consist of 40 Serjeants 40 Corporals 20 Drummers and 1000 Private Men besides Commission Officers (their Establishment to commence from the 23rd Dec`r last incl and to Allow three pounds per man Levy Money I have the Honour to Acquaint you therewith) that you may be pleased to lay a Memorial before the Rt. Humble the Lords Commissioners of his Maty`s Treasure for the Money wanting for this service.
I am
My Lord & Sir
Barrington
Lord Visc`t Dupplin
Paymaster Gen`l
& Tho`s Potter Esqr
Whether motivated by enlistment bounties, adventure, or the promise of land, the men of Fraser’s Highlanders joined a levy unlike any other—one formed not to defend their homeland, but to expand an empire abroad. Their journey from Scottish glens to the battlefields of North America illustrates the complex human reasons behind imperial warfare—and the unique legacy of levied regiments in British military history. The story of levy money and imperial expansion reflects more than just military bureaucracy—it reveals a strategic effort to reshape Highland identity.
Lord Barrington served as Secretary at War during a critical phase of the Seven Years’ War. His correspondence with Viscount Duplin sheds light on the administrative mechanics behind military recruitment. As a cabinet-level officer, Barrington oversaw everything from pay scales to organizational structure—making his letters valuable primary sources for historians studying British military logistics.
Learn more on how Fraser’s Highlanders appeared in early colonial newspapers—and how their recruitment was reported alongside discussions of levy money.
The administrative procedures referenced in Barrington’s letter are part of a larger body of War Office documentation. Many such records are preserved by The National Archives, UK, under the War Office collection (WO).
Discover firsthand accounts, battlefield reports, and colonial correspondence as printed in 18th-century newspapers during the Seven Years’ War. These curated excerpts offer rare insight into how the war was reported and remembered in its own time.
Works Consulted
- Brumwell, Stephen. Paths of Glory: The Life and Death of General James Wolfe. Hambledon Continuum, 2006.
- Chartrand, René. The French Navy and the Seven Years’ War in North America. Osprey Publishing, 2006.
- Duffy, Christopher. The Military Experience in the Age of Reason. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987.
- Dull, Jonathan R. The French Navy and the Seven Years’ War. University of Nebraska Press, 2005.
- Pittock, Murray. Culloden. Oxford University Press, 2016.
- Reid, Stuart. Highland Regiments in the French and Indian War, 1756–1763. Osprey Publishing, 2000.
- Journals of the House of Commons. Vol. 31, H.M. Stationery Office, 1803.
- Lord Barrington, "Letter to William Pitt, Secretary at War." LAC, War Office Records: Out Letters: Secretary at War. General Letters, Dec. 1756 - Apr. 1757. W.O. 4, vol. 53.